Modern astronomical research relies on a rich mixture of technology, systems, and processes deployed and operated on the ground and in space. High performance computing and information technology have become a key component of that mix. Continued innovation in all areas is mandatory as scientists seek greater sensitivity, higher spatial resolution, and larger samples of objects at all wavelengths. International cooperation will accelerate such innovation through the cross-fertilization of ideas, the development and protection of critical ground-based sites and electromagnetic bands for current and future facilities, and the combination of resources to build “world observatories”. Particular attention will be given in the next triennium to the topic related to future large scale facilities and their ground-space synergy. Division B is the new home for the scientists and engineers who design, develop, deploy, and operate the ground- and space-based hardware and software tools and systems necessary to advance our knowledge of the cosmos.